DWDM Meeting Bandwidths Demands essays

DWDM Meeting Bandwidths Demands essays Since the Telecommunications Reform Act of 1996, the flood gate has been opened for the competitive local exchange carriers to provide services throughout the world. To meet the ever changing needs of consumers, including high speed data, it has become necessary to be able to provide services on a large scale than ever before. This would mean that in order to provide quality of service you would have to have the resources to supply the demand. Data services are a crucial part of business operations. For this reason it has become essential to have fault tolerance services which could result in having to have doubled the bandwidth. This could be a big stress on an already strained infrastructure. No one could have predicted the growth that the telecommunication industry experienced. Most U.S. networks were built using estimates that calculated bandwidth use by employing concentration ratios derived from classical engineering formulas such as Poisson and Reeling. By this formula networks were designed on the assumption that a given individual would only use network bandwidth six minutes of each hour. These formulas did not factor in the amount of traffic generated by Internet access (300 percent growth per year), faxes, multiple phone lines, modems, teleconferencing, and data and video transmission. Had these factors been included, a far different estimate would have emerged. In fact, today many people use the bandwidth equivalent of 180 minutes or more each hour. One study estimated that from 1994 to 1998 the demand on the U.S. interexchange carriers'(IXCs) network would increase sevenfold, and for the U.S. local exchange carriers' (LECs) network, the demand would increase f ourfold. †  Noting these factors you can see the demand for bandwidth. Companies use fiber for their backbones, this is because of the bandwidth that fiber have to offer. Still, a companys bandwidth can run sh ...

Discuss the Way Women Are Presented in Film Noir and How Neo-Noir Women Challenge the Original Femme Fatale Essay Example

Discuss the Way Women Are Presented in Film Noir and How Neo Discuss the Way Women Are Presented in Film Noir and How Neo-Noir Women Challenge the Original Femme Fatale Essay Discuss the Way Women Are Presented in Film Noir and How Neo-Noir Women Challenge the Original Femme Fatale Essay When looking at more modern takes of film noir, the women certainly challenge the ideologies of what a typical femme fatale would represent because of what drives them. Assessing proto-noir based films; the women were stereotyped and were believed to challenge the pressures that regular women endure on a daily basis. Typically of an American proto-noir the films had hidden agendas and aimed to teach political lessons to those that took interest. A lot of the time in the films, it was projected that sexuality lead to crime and those that involved themselves in deviant acts would be punished, which most of the time the men would end up in jail and the femme fatale character would be killed. However, in a sad twist, the good guys would die and the criminals would win. In film noir the characters are often very clear cut and in the plot there are often psychological twists, like that of in the neo-noir film The Last Seduction. The audience are dumb-founded when they are introduced to Wendy Kroy. She is very precise in her actions and it is very easy to see her story slowly unfold. Particularly when we see a lot of binary opposites come to light. For example, within the character of Wendy Kroy, there is no such thing as a gendered self. The signs here are that she dresses in a minimal and masculine manner, the way she smokes and in particular the way that after intercourse she always puts on a mens shirt. She is always in a constant state of drag and as the viewer; we see how she constructs herself. In Proto-noir there is a hegemonic assumption of what a woman should be. Writers particularly modelled the characters on a stereotypical 1940s-50s house wife. Mildred Pierce, a famous proto-noir character was a devoted wife and mother, before her husband left her. She was a home-maker and in the scenes before she where she has lack of control over herself and actions, the audience see she is cooking and doting on her two daughters. Conversely, the character of Wendy Kroy mocks this typical ideology and hegemony by baking some cookies, which she has seemingly poisoned. As she offers them to a gentleman, she places nails under the tyres of his car. These sorts of tricks defy those of a typical femme fatale. Feminist Simone de Beauvoir once said that There are no real women because the idea of a woman is repeated so many times in so many forms of literature that the true woman is non existent. One opposition that would never usually be seen in proto-noir were same sex relationships. However a neo-noir film called Bound, challenges gender alignment and the capability of women. The film is driven by sexual fantasy or desire which is reflected in the relationship of Corky and Violet. Gender is inversed by both members of this relationship and this is what is known as homoeroticism. There is an erotic exchange between the two characters as they engage in arousing one another in quite graphic scenes which unlike in proto-noir, sexual behaviour was insinuated not performed. In proto-noir, sex is substituted with violence. Violet is no shrinking violet. Her hyper- femininity is pushed to the maximum with the way she speaks in her overly high pitched voiced right down to the way she dresses. All of her clothing over-emphasizes her femininity, almost to the point where it becomes apparent to the audience that she is desperately trying and portraying an image of a butch femme. Her dresses are short and her heels are very high. She almost has the look of a 50s pin-up. On the other hand Corky is very masculine in her clothing and surroundings which are quite bachelor styled. However in a certain scene where Corky is carrying out some plumbing work, the wall behind her juxtapositions her masculinity because it is a floral print, which puts a huge emphasis on her mannish appearance. When Corky first meets violet, she is offered a drink and asks for a beer, Violet drinks Gin and Tonic. However when the two get alone together, Violet switches her drink to a more masculine scotch. This shows the audience that the two women are now on the same level. There is also a bit of role reversal, Cesar Violets husband comes across as being quite effeminate with the way he acts. Although he is part of the gangster culture, he and his associates show signs of typical feminine behaviour, for example when they look at themselves in the mirror, or take pride in their appearance as they dress smartly. Cesar is a parody of masculinity, for instance in the scene where he comes home with the money covered in blood. Instead of quickly washing and drying it, he launders it with precision to the extent that he starches it. Violet just stands and watches which shows the role reversal as he obviously believes that the woman is not capable of doing the job just as well as him. He is standing ironing in his underwear which is poignant to the fact that the viewer can see his vulnerability. I would compare Wendy Kroy to Corky as being quite similar in that they both give off such a masculine image but both have undertones of femininity. Both are quite slim with petite facial features. They both have wants and sexual desires, and orgasmic femme is a staple of neo-noir. Perhaps economic power is a major influence on the women, and although Corky seemed to be struggling in the beginning, she and Violet seem to get their hands on Cesars cash. Wendy on the other hand has succeeded in pushing all the men out of her life just to get a hold of some money. Violet, like Wendy has an inadequate husband but unlike in Mildred Pierces case, the women flee the marriage which indicates the independence a woman has gained with the help of the feminist movement. Over the years the force and persistence of women became the destroyers of male domination which can be traced back to the war time reassignment of roles both at home and at work, women substituted the role of men which challenged the patriarchal and hegemonic values of society. The changes can clearly be seen in noir films and in the rise of femme-fetale characters over the years.

Managing finance of the two companies the Tesco and the Sainsbury Coursework

Managing finance of the two companies the Tesco and the Sainsbury - Coursework Example The intention of this study is financial statement analysis as one of the fundamental practices for investment and analysis of performance in order to present a fast method of evaluating the financial growth of the organization. The analysis and the evaluation of the financial ratios minimize the complications within the financial data in a simple and an arranged manner. The ratio analysis is much informative as it provides information’s, suggestions and recommendations to the shareholders. The study in this context deals with the analysis of the performance of the reputed companies namely the Tesco and Sainsbury. The study is aimed at evaluating the ratios of two firms over the past year financial data of the annual report. It gives the investment suggestions and recommendations to the investors and the shareholders by including and considering the following: †¢ Profitability, †¢ Liquidity level, †¢ Efficiency level †¢ The stage of fund dependency †¢ Earning per share. The Tesco brand first appeared five years later in 1924 when he bought a shipment of tea from a Mr T. E Stockwell and in 1932 Tesco became a private limited company. In 1995 Tesco took up Sainsbury’s as the UK’s largest supermarket. Bearing in mind how determined and competitive the 'supermarket' concept is this is fairly a success brand. Tesco’s favored evaluation of growth is 'like for like' development – sales development on shop floor room, which rejected increase from additional shop floor space in extended or latest stores. Even by this limited measure sales grew 8.3% in every year, improving Tesco’s profits every year. In April 2009, Tesco declared profits of ?1.6bn for the fiscal year concluding on 28 February; ?4.4m profit per day which is 17.6% higher than the earlier year. As an evaluation Tesco made as much income as Sainsbury, Next and WH Smith jointly. Forecasters are at present forecasting that Tesco’s pre-tax profits for coming years will be exceeding by ?2bn mark, quadruple times that of Sainsbury. Comparisons between both the companies are much difficult as they both are good players in the supermarket trade in the state. â€Å"So, rather than doing the usual comparison of  the stores by their top food  deals and booze bargains  (which we do every week in our Frugal Food blog), today, I'm going to take a more original look at which store offers the best financial  deals. I'll also compare their loyalty schemes, so you can see where your  spend at the supermarket will earn you  the most bang for your buck† (Wait 2010). Financial Analysis of Tesco and Sainsbury: The intention of this paper is to financially investigate and state a report of the two firms Tesco and Sainsbury. These two firms have the same industrial background and are both leading supermarkets among whom there are a very healthy and tough competition in order to capture the giant market share. â€Å"Sainsbury's v Tesco: the rumble in the supermarket aisles† (Hall 2009). Both financial as well as non financial factors have played a very vital role in the market fluctuations which have affected both the firms. In order to present a financially investigative report, it is very important to present a report on the financial ratios of the firms. For that purpose some of the most popular ratios investigated are profitability, liquidity, efficiency, gearing and the